Category: Theology: Thinking Deeply About God and His Relation to the World

Who is God? What is He like? What has He done?

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What We Believe About Jesus

Here is a brief catechism on what we believe about who Jesus Christ is. It explains what we believe and the basis of believing that Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God in two distinct natures, God and man. Note: there is more to the catechism. I’m beginning this with Question #7.

7. Who is Jesus Christ? He is the eternal Son of God.

8. Why do we believe that Jesus is the one, true God? Because the Bible teaches that and calls Him that. “Your throne, O God, is forever and ever” (Ps. 45:6). “This is the name by which He shall be called, Yahweh (the proper name for God) our righteousness” (Jer. 23:6). “My Lord and my God” (Jn. 20:28)! “Christ, who is over all, the eternally blessed God” (Rom. 9:5). “Our great God and Savior Jesus Christ” (Tit. 2:13). “He is the true God and eternal life” (1 Jn. 5:20). Continue reading “What We Believe About Jesus”

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The Dutch Reformed Doctrine of the Covenant of Works

It’s almost hard for me to believe that I wrote a lot of this kind of stuff back in the day, but, for you who are interested in such things, here’s an article on the development of the doctrine of the covenant of works in Dutch Reformed theology. The point is that this is a feature of Reformed orthodoxy in the 17th and into the 18th century. It’s not an anomaly only found in the The Westminster Confession of Faith or British theology. I have altered the conclusion to more accurately reflect the legitimate conclusion that one can draw from what I present. I was much more strident and insistent on the specific manner of formulating this doctrine in 2008 than I am now.

The Dutch Reformed Doctrine of the Covenant of Works

By

J. Wesley White

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Is the covenant of works an aberration in Reformed theology?  Is it simply the view of the Puritan theologians who wrote the Westminster Confession (WCF)?  One fact that might lead some to believe that this is true is the absence of any explicit reference to the covenant of works in the Three Forms of Unity (TFU), the doctrinal standards of many of the continental Reformed Churches.  Does this mean that the continental Reformed theologians rejected the covenant of works or thought it unimportant?  On the other side, if the Reformed theologians on the continent did hold to the covenant of works, then why is there no explicit mention of it in the TFU?  How is it that there is no explicit mention of the covenant of works in the TFU in the first part of the 17th century but in the second half of the 17th century, there is an adamant statement from a popular theologian stating its necessity for theological formulation?  Consider Wilhelmus à Brakel’s statement from his book, The Christian’s Reasonable Service:

We shall now speak of Adam as being in covenant with God–the covenant of works. Acquaintance with this covenant is of the greatest importance, for whoever errs here or denies the existence of the covenant of works, will not understand the covenant of grace, and will readily err concerning the mediatorship of the Lord Jesus. Such a person will very readily deny that Christ by His active obedience has merited a right to eternal life for the elect. This is to be observed with several parties who, because they err concerning the covenant of grace, also deny the covenant of works. Conversely, whoever denies the covenant of works must rightly be suspected to be in error concerning the covenant of grace.[1]

For Brakel, the covenant of works was no light matter, and similar statements could be added from other Dutch theologians of the 17th and 18th centuries.

In this essay, we would like to explore the development of the doctrine of the covenant of works in the 17th century.  The question we are seeking to answer is how do we get from no explicit mention of the covenant of works in the TFU to an adamant defense of this doctrine in Brakel and other subscribers to the TFU? Continue reading “The Dutch Reformed Doctrine of the Covenant of Works”

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Why Do We Believe in the Trinity?

Here’s a series of questions and answers on this topic that I wrote many years ago for my congregation. If you have questions about why Christians believe in the Trinity, the doctrine that there is one God in three persons, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, here is a brief explanation in a series of questions and answers.

1. What do we mean by God? God is a spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in His being, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth. He made all things out of nothing by the word of His power. He preserves and governs all His creatures and all their actions.

2. What does the Bible reveal uniquely about who God is? It reveals that there are three persons in the one, infinite essence of God.

3. What do we mean by nature or essence? We mean what something is. For example, the essence or nature of a dog is that it is a dog, of a chair that it is a chair, of man that he is human.

4. What do we mean by person? Each nature has particular instances of its nature. For example, you are one instance of human nature, and I am another. However, by person we mean also that a particular individual of a nature is also intelligent and capable of personal interaction. Continue reading “Why Do We Believe in the Trinity?”

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The Time Is Short

What I mean, brothers and sisters, is that the time is short. From now on those who have wives should live as if they do not; 30 those who mourn, as if they did not; those who are happy, as if they were not; those who buy something, as if it were not theirs to keep; 31 those who use the things of the world, as if not engrossed in them. For this world in its present form is passing away (1 Cor. 7:29-31).

The Time Is Short

No matter how much we know that it is true, it is hard for us to grasp that life will not stay the same. Our minds and hearts get used to a particular situation, and it is easy to think that it will go on and on.

We all had certain expectations about this year. For many students, this was their senior year. They were expecting to finish out their school year, spend time with their friends, have graduation parties, and so on. Now, that all seems unlikely.

Recently, I talked to someone who moved here to take a job in our tourism industry. They are now laid off and no longer have the health insurance that this job provided for them. This year turned out very differently than they expected.

Looking forward to this summer, we made plans. I planned to go to our denomination’s General Assembly. That is now canceled. Will we have summer camps? It is hard to say. This summer may be much different than any of us planned.

When bad things start piling up, it’s easy to go in the other direction. We start to think that the bad things will just keep coming. But that isn’t true, either. The sun will shine again, even if it rains for weeks on end.

That’s what this passage reminds us to consider. Life has its up and downs, and these are constantly changing.

The Apostle Paul uses two phrases to explain this. The first is, “the time is short.” We can think of this phrase in a couple of different ways. On the one hand, this is the time between Christ’s first and second coming. Though it may seem long at times, it is short relative to the life of the world. Jesus came once, and Jesus will come again. We should be ready.

The time is also short in relationship to our time in this world. Each one of us had our entrance, and each one of us has our exit. It’s not very long, 70 years, or 80, if we have the strength. Either way, it’s like the flowers of the field that bloom one day and die the next.

We can also think of it in terms of the various seasons of life. My oldest daughter is now 17. Next year, she’ll be graduating from high school. I’m acutely aware of how short a time we have with our children in our household.

What does Paul mean? Maybe he means all of these things. Either way, the time is short, and this is always worth keeping in mind.

The other phrase that he uses is “the world in its present form is passing away.” There is a recognition that the world is changing. Summer gives way to fall, and fall gives way to winter.

Nowhere in the Bible is this more powerfully stated than the book of Ecclesiastes. “There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under the heavens: a time to be born and a time to die, a time to plant and a time to uproot, a time to kill and a time to heal, a time to tear down and a time to build . . .” (Ecclesiastes 3:1–3).

There are different seasons in this life. One thing gives way to another. Life changes. Solomon went on to say in Ecclesiastes, “Who can straighten what he has made crooked? When times are good, be happy; but when times are bad, consider this: God has made the one as well as the other. Therefore, no one can discover anything about their future” (7:13–14). The world in its present form is passing away.

Holding Loosely to What Doesn’t Last

This is great wisdom. The time is short. The present form of the world is passing away. If we would keep this in perspective, we would be much better equipped to deal with the changing seasons of the world. It would be better for us to look at every relationship, situation, activity, and possession and say, this is temporary.

In particular, God wants us to apply this wisdom to five things.

1. “From now on those who have wives should live as if they do not . . .” At first glance, this actually sounds wrong. We must remember, though, that wisdom often teaches us things by stating one perspective without intending it to be applied in every possible way. This obviously does not mean that we should literally ignore our wives or pretend like they are not our wives. God tells us to love them like Christ loved the church and that it is one of the gravest sins not to take care of those in our family (1 Tim. 5:8).

So, what does it mean? It means that we should view all relationships in this life as temporary. They are not our ultimate fulfillment, and relationships change. We cannot make even our best relationships the foundation for our well-being.

2. “Those who mourn, as if they did not . . .” Again, this could seem rather strange. If you have grief, be like someone who doesn’t. Snap out of it! This is not what it means. The Bible recognizes that there are times of grief. However, we should not let those things we grieve over take hold of our hearts at the deepest level. We should not mourn as those who have no hope. This is evident from the next application.

3. “Those who are happy, as if they were not . . .” We should not try to find our ultimate joy in the situations we experience in this world. We should not think “we have arrived” in this life. If things are going well, don’t get too wrapped up in it. These things change. The good times don’t last forever. They are not the place where our souls can ultimately rest.

4. “Those who buy something, as if it were not theirs to keep . . .” We often think that if we could only have this or that, we would be happy. Possessions do not last.

This was powerfully impressed upon me as I stayed in a condo in the month of January during my sabbatical. I made that condo my own to a degree. It got familiar. However, I knew the end of the month was coming. It would soon be mine no longer. Truly, all of our possessions are things we use for a time or rent for a time and then pass them on to others.

5. “Those who use the things of the world, as if not engrossed in them.” This is similar to the last one, but we can apply it more broadly. If we are involved with the world, we should never let it take over all that we are. We should always hold our heart back to a degree. We shouldn’t make our businesses, our studies, our hobbies, our food, or anything else our foundation.

How do we know when any of these things have taken place? We can know when these things keep us from loving God and others well, when they keep us from important duties, or when they keep us from moving forward in our lives. Whenever these things happen, it’s worth considering whether these things have taken over our hearts too much.

Holding Tightly to What Does Last

That doesn’t mean that everything changes. There are some things that do not change no matter what happens, and this provides us with a foundation to live our lives. We need to hold loosely to the things that are temporary but hold tightly to the things that are not.

1. God is for us. “It is because of him that you are in Christ Jesus, who has become for us wisdom from God—that is, our righteousness, holiness and redemption. Therefore, as it is written: ‘Let the one who boasts boast in the Lord’ (1 Cor. 1:30-31). Because of what Jesus has done, we have a relationship with God where our sins are forgiven, and He is for us. That doesn’t change, no matter how tough things may get.

2. God is with us. “Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price.” (1 Cor. 6:19-20). People come in and out of our lives, but God will always be there for us and within us.

3. Our future is bright. There is a time coming when the time will no longer be short and the form of the world will not be passing away. “When the perishable has been clothed with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality, then the saying that is written will come true: ‘Death has been swallowed up in victory.’ ‘Where, O death, is your victory? Where, O death, is your sting?'” (1 Cor. 15:55-56). What a great hope we have!

Conclusion

With recent events, We have been given a powerful reminder of a basic fact of life: the time is short and the present form of the world is passing away.

This does not mean we have to be rootless. A foundation is available. God invites you into a relationship with Himself through Jesus Christ where you can be forgiven of everything wrong you have done and given a new hope and new life. That’s what God offers as an unchangeable foundation. It means He’ll be for you, He’ll be with you, and He’ll give you a bright future.

If you have that relationship, then you don’t need to think of yourself without resources. Cling tightly to Christ! Hold everything else loosely! It will be a foundation for you in all the changes of this temporary world. It will give you the strength for today, and it will fill you with hope as you look to the future. It will give us stability in the midst of an unstable world.

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Accepting Where God Puts You

Nevertheless, each person should live as a believer in whatever situation the Lord has assigned to them, just as God has called them. This is the rule I lay down in all the churches (1 Corinthians 7:17).

People complain about their situation. That’s just what they do. People complain about their families, their jobs, their government, their city, their friends, and so on. I’m no exception. I can whine with the best of them. It’s pretty basic to our lives. When we’re alone, we long for people. When we’re with people, we long for retreat. We’re hard to please.

In light of that fact, we have a surprising perspective here in this passage: we should accept the situations we are in. Why? Because God put us there. They are a result of God’s providence. God’s providence is God’s care and government of the world. Everything that happens is the result of His plan for the world.

Since all things come under God’s providence, that means that God has put us where we are. He has put us in the nations in which we are born. He has given us particular parents, children, gifts, resources, and communities.

What does this mean for us? Part of living well in obedience to God is to accept the role that He wants us to play. William Shakespeare captured this reality in his play As You Like It:

All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts . . .

This is a great metaphor for understanding our lives. God is the author and director of the play. He assigns us our parts. It is our job accept the part He wants us to play and play it well. He is in charge of the play, and He is bringing it to a good end.

That’s precisely what the Apostle Paul says in 1 Corinthians 7. “Nevertheless, each person should live as a believer in whatever situation the Lord has assigned to them, just as God has called them” (1 Cor. 7:17). In verse 20, he repeats it: “Each person should remain in the situation they were in when God called them” (1 Cor. 7:20). He concludes that section by repeating it again: “Brothers and sisters, each person, as responsible to God, should remain in the situation they were in when God called them” (1 Cor. 7:24).

What does this mean concretely? We should look at our situations as the place where God put us. We should accept and assent to them as coming from God. For example, we have the parents that God gave us. We should accept that these are from God and seek to honor and love them. God has given us the financial resources we have. That means we have more than others but less than some. Can we be O.K. with that? Our current situation is beyond our control and calls for many of us to stay at home. Can we accept even this hard situation as coming from God’s providence?

Learning to Accept Our Situation

In 1 Corinthians 7, The Apostle Paul gives us good reasons to accept our situation. First, he says that our situation is far less important than where our heart is.

In Paul’s day, some in the church were really proud of their Jewish heritage. This led some people to reject their Gentile heritage and want to become Jewish (get circumcised, 1 Cor. 7:17). Some Jews saw what God was doing among the Gentiles, and they wanted to reject their Jewish heritage. Paul says, don’t do it. Don’t become “uncircumcised” (1 Cor. 7:18). What matters, he says, is keeping God’s commands. That’s the most important thing you can do. Being a Jew or Gentile doesn’t matter for that. It’s about living for God in the situation you’re in.

After speaking of Jews and Gentiles, Paul then directs his words to slaves. He says, amazingly, that if you are a slave, don’t let it bother you. Now, he does say that if you can gain your freedom, do it, as we shall see below. However, he says that they can even be a slave and be O.K. Why? Because they are truly free. They are truly free because the Lord has freed them from guilt, sin, and death. If they accept where God puts them and want what God wants, then they are doing exactly what they want to do. This makes them more free than anyone else. They can align their will with God’s will.

In speaking to those who were free, i.e., not slaves in a civil sense, he says the reverse. They are God’s slaves. This means that they serve the Lord. Being free means learning to submit to God’s will. “[T]he one who was free when called is Christ’s slave” (1 Cor. 7:22). True freedom means wanting what God wants even when it conflicts with what we might want.

So, our faith recommends a basic bias that we accept where God put us. The most important thing is our character, not our circumstances. Accepting God’s will is far more important than any change in our situation. If we are overly burdened with our circumstances, then we are saying that our situation and not enjoyment of God is most important to our happiness. On the other side, if we accept our situation, then we are proclaiming to the whole world that God is enough.

When to Change Our Circumstances

All that said, this does not mean that we should never change our circumstances. When we think about God’s will, we can ask about this in two different ways. We could say, God has put me where I am, so I should not change it. We could also say, God has given me this opportunity, so I should take it. Which one do we choose?

We have to evaluate this on the basis of wisdom. Here are a few guidelines.

Get out of slavery, if you can. Paul says to Christian slaves, “Don’t let it trouble you—although if you can gain your freedom, do so.” This means that we should not hesitate to make our situation better if it can get us out of an oppressive situation. But this means more than physical slavery. If we can get out of any situation that inhibits us from serving the Lord to our full potential, we should do so.

This is really important to say. Abusers often use “God’s will” to urge those they are abusing to stay with them. This is a despicable distortion of the doctrine of God’s providence.

Second, don’t put yourself into slavery. We also should be careful not to put ourselves into situations that will restrict our freedom or cause unnecessary suffering. “You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of human beings” (1 Cor. 7:23). This means that we are called to serve the Lord. When we contemplate a move, a marriage, or another change, we should ask, will this restrict me serving the Lord?

Third, seek greater fruitfulness. When we think about opportunities, we should ask: does this give me greater fruitfulness in service to God and others? If a new situation will enable us to bring more glory to God and be more useful to others, then it is an opportunity we should take. We need to work to grow the gifts God has given us and develop our potential.

Conclusion

When we understand God’s providence, we can see that God has put us where we are. He has given us various circumstances and situations. He has put different people into our lives. We should accept that knowing we can serve Him well in any and all situations by His grace. Even suffering can be used for our good and God’s glory in God’s plan.

So, how are you doing at that? Do you tend to look at your life as being something from chance or accident, from people of bad will, or even as a punishment from God? Or, do you see the place where God puts you as being from His Fatherly hand?

That’s what I’d like you to take from this message. Look at where you are, see it as God’s will, and accept it as God’s providence. Look beyond what appears and see the heavenly Father who, not having failed to give you His own Son, has put you where you are and will not fail to give you all other good things as well.

That’s how you can face this week with confidence. The situation you face tomorrow will not be something outside of God’s control. It is where God has put you, and His purpose for it is good. Amen.

Benediction: Go out this week and believe that what you are facing is ultimately about you and God and not anything else. Trust that He has put you where you need to be in His providence. If you see an opportunity to avoid suffering or become more fruitful, take it. This is also from God. But if you can’t, then trust that He will be with you and has you where He wants you for your good and His glory.

And may the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God the Father, and the comfort of the Holy Spirit fill your souls and make you fruitful in every good word and work. Amen.

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Photo by Kyle Head on Unsplash

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